1 Intro: Ihno’s Experiemnt
library(tidyverse) # super helpful everything!
library(haven) # inporting SPSS, SAS, & Stata data files
library(psych) # lots of nice tidbits 1.1 Background of Data
(???): has made the data from his textbook “Explaining Spychological Statistics, 4th edition” available on his website
The data come from a hypothetical study performed by Ihno (pronounced “Eee-know”), an advanced doctoral student, who was the teaching assistant (TA) for several sections of a statistics course. The 100 participants in the data set are the students who were enrolled in Ihno’s sections, and voluntarily consented to be in her study, which was approved by the appropriate review board at her hypothetical school. Her data were collected on two different days. On the first day of classes, the students who came to one of Ihno’s sections filled in a brief background questionnaire on which they provided contact information, some qualitative data (gender, undergrad major, why they had enrolled in statistics (reason), and whether they have a habit of drinking coffee), and some quantitative data (number of math courses already completed (prevmath), the score they received on a diagnostic math background quiz they were all required to take before registering for statistics mathquiz, and a rating of their math phobia on a scale from 0 to 10). You will see that, due to late registration and other factors, not all of Ihno’s students took the diagnostic math background quiz.
The rest of Ihno’s data were collected as part of an experiment that she conducted during her recitation sessions on one day in the middle of the semester. (The one exception is that her students took a regular 10 question quiz the week before her experiment (statquiz), and she decided to add those scores to her data set.) At the beginning of the experiment, Ihno explained how each student could take his or her own pulse. She then provided a half-minute interval during which they counted the number of beats, and then wrote down twice that number as their heart rate (hr_base) in beats per minute (bpm). Then, each student reported how many cups of coffee they had consumed since waking up that morning (num_cups), and filled out an anxiety questionnaire consisting of 10 items, each rated (0 to 4) on a 5-point Likertscale. Total scores could range from 0 to 40, and provided a measure of baseline anxiety (anx_base).
Next, Ihno announced a pop quiz. She handed out a page containing 11 multiple-choice statistics questions on material covered during the preceding two weeks, and asked the students to keep this page face down while taking and recording their pulse (hr_pre) and filling out a anxiety questionnaire (anx_pre). Then Ihno told the students they had 15 minutes to take the fairly difficult quiz. She also told them that the first 10 questions were worth 1 point each but that the 11th question was worth 3 points of extra credit. Ihno’s experimental manipulation consisted of varying the difficulty of the 11th question. Twenty-five quizzes were distributed at each level of difficulty of the final question: easy, moderate, difficult, and impossible to solve (exp_cond). After the quizzes were collected, Ihno asked the students to provide heart rate and anxiety data one more time (hr_post, anx_post). Finally, Ihno explained the experiment, adding that the 11th quiz question would not be scored and that, although the students would get back their quizzes with their score for the first 10 items (statquiz), that score would not influence their grade for the statistics course.
You can use a file’s link to read data directly off a website
1.2 Import & Wrangle the Data
The Cancer dataset is saved in SPSS format, which is evident from the .sav ending on the file name.
The haven package is downloaded as part of the tidyverse set of packages, but is not automatically loaded. It must have its own library() function call (see above). The haven::read_spss() function works very simarly to the readxl::read_excel() function we used last chapter (Wickham and Miller 2018).
- Make sure the dataset is saved in the same folder as this file
- Make sure the that folder is the working directory
data_ihno <- read_spss("http://www.psych.nyu.edu/cohen/Ihno_dataset.sav") %>%
dplyr::rename_all(tolower) %>%
dplyr::mutate(genderF = factor(gender,
levels = c(1, 2),
labels = c("Female",
"Male"))) %>%
dplyr::mutate(majorF = factor(major,
levels = c(1, 2, 3, 4,5),
labels = c("Psychology",
"Premed",
"Biology",
"Sociology",
"Economics"))) %>%
dplyr::mutate(reasonF = factor(reason,
levels = c(1, 2, 3),
labels = c("Program requirement",
"Personal interest",
"Advisor recommendation"))) %>%
dplyr::mutate(exp_condF = factor(exp_cond,
levels = c(1, 2, 3, 4),
labels = c("Easy",
"Moderate",
"Difficult",
"Impossible"))) %>%
dplyr::mutate(coffeeF = factor(coffee,
levels = c(0, 1),
labels = c("Not a regular coffee drinker",
"Regularly drinks coffee"))) 1.3 Overview
1.3.1 Dimentions (size) of the dataset
dim(data_ihno)[1] 100 231.3.2 Variable Names
names(data_ihno) [1] "sub_num" "gender" "major" "reason" "exp_cond"
[6] "coffee" "num_cups" "phobia" "prevmath" "mathquiz"
[11] "statquiz" "exp_sqz" "hr_base" "hr_pre" "hr_post"
[16] "anx_base" "anx_pre" "anx_post" "genderF" "majorF"
[21] "reasonF" "exp_condF" "coffeeF" 1.3.3 Quick Glimpse
tibble::glimpse(data_ihno)Observations: 100
Variables: 23
$ sub_num <dbl> 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 1...
$ gender <dbl> 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...
$ major <dbl> 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...
$ reason <dbl> 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1...
$ exp_cond <dbl> 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4...
$ coffee <dbl> 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1...
$ num_cups <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 3...
$ phobia <dbl> 1, 1, 4, 4, 10, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 7, 4, 3, 8, 4, ...
$ prevmath <dbl> 3, 4, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1...
$ mathquiz <dbl> 43, 49, 26, 29, 31, 20, 13, 23, 38, NA, 29, 32, 18, ...
$ statquiz <dbl> 6, 9, 8, 7, 6, 7, 3, 7, 8, 7, 8, 8, 1, 5, 8, 3, 8, 7...
$ exp_sqz <dbl> 7, 11, 8, 8, 6, 6, 4, 7, 7, 6, 10, 7, 3, 4, 6, 1, 7,...
$ hr_base <dbl> 71, 73, 69, 72, 71, 70, 71, 77, 73, 78, 74, 73, 73, ...
$ hr_pre <dbl> 68, 75, 76, 73, 83, 71, 70, 87, 72, 76, 72, 74, 76, ...
$ hr_post <dbl> 65, 68, 72, 78, 74, 76, 66, 84, 67, 74, 73, 74, 78, ...
$ anx_base <dbl> 17, 17, 19, 19, 26, 12, 12, 17, 20, 20, 21, 32, 19, ...
$ anx_pre <dbl> 22, 19, 14, 13, 30, 15, 16, 19, 14, 24, 25, 35, 23, ...
$ anx_post <dbl> 20, 16, 15, 16, 25, 19, 17, 22, 17, 19, 22, 33, 20, ...
$ genderF <fct> Female, Female, Female, Female, Female, Female, Fema...
$ majorF <fct> Psychology, Psychology, Psychology, Psychology, Psyc...
$ reasonF <fct> Advisor recommendation, Personal interest, Program r...
$ exp_condF <fct> Easy, Easy, Easy, Easy, Easy, Moderate, Moderate, Mo...
$ coffeeF <fct> Regularly drinks coffee, Not a regular coffee drinke...1.3.4 Top and Bottom Rows
psych::headTail(data_ihno) sub_num gender major reason exp_cond coffee num_cups phobia prevmath
1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 1 3
2 2 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 4
3 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 1
4 4 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 0
5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
6 97 2 5 2 3 0 0 0 2
7 98 2 5 2 3 0 0 2 2
8 99 2 5 2 4 1 1 1 4
9 100 2 5 1 2 0 0 2 2
mathquiz statquiz exp_sqz hr_base hr_pre hr_post anx_base anx_pre
1 43 6 7 71 68 65 17 22
2 49 9 11 73 75 68 17 19
3 26 8 8 69 76 72 19 14
4 29 7 8 72 73 78 19 13
5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
6 28 8 9 70 66 65 17 12
7 38 9 10 65 65 69 18 14
8 41 8 8 72 68 73 17 11
9 39 7 7 70 70 64 17 11
anx_post genderF majorF reasonF exp_condF
1 20 Female Psychology Advisor recommendation Easy
2 16 Female Psychology Personal interest Easy
3 15 Female Psychology Program requirement Easy
4 16 Female Psychology Program requirement Easy
5 ... <NA> <NA> <NA> <NA>
6 13 Male Economics Personal interest Difficult
7 19 Male Economics Personal interest Difficult
8 18 Male Economics Personal interest Impossible
9 14 Male Economics Program requirement Moderate
coffeeF
1 Regularly drinks coffee
2 Not a regular coffee drinker
3 Not a regular coffee drinker
4 Not a regular coffee drinker
5 <NA>
6 Not a regular coffee drinker
7 Not a regular coffee drinker
8 Regularly drinks coffee
9 Not a regular coffee drinker